Which category of controls does "Identification and Authentication" belong to?

"Identification and Authentication" is classified under technical controls because it involves the use of technology to verify the identity of a user, device, or other entity attempting to access resources. This category of controls focuses on the implementation of hardware and software solutions, such as passwords, biometrics, tokens, and other mechanisms designed to ensure that only authorized individuals can access specific systems or data.

Technical controls serve as a critical line of defense in cybersecurity by utilizing technological measures to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information. By ensuring that users are properly identified and authenticated before granting access, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized data breaches and enhance their overall security posture.

In contrast, physical and environmental protection aligns with the safeguarding of physical assets and facilities; administrative controls focus on policies and procedures to manage the users' behaviors and interactions with information systems; and operational controls pertain to the implementation of practices and processes in daily operations. Therefore, "Identification and Authentication" distinctly fits within the technical controls category.